Coca Cola Financial Analysis Essay - 6376 Words

Financial Analysis Project – Final Paper Jennifer M. Harding Cardinal Stritch University MBA 521 August 28th, 2014 Purpose of Analysis All managers need to understand where value comes from in their firm. The purpose of this analysis is to identify the financial strategy and performance of this particular publicly traded company. The process of understanding the risk and profitability of a company by analyzing reported financial info, especially annual and quarterly reports are vital to identifying the company’s overall financial performance. I wanted to analyze Coca Cola because the company has so much history and is one of the most recognizable brands in the world. I have always enjoyed researching food and beverage companies†¦show more content†¦Major Operations The Coca-Cola system is not a single entity from a legal or managerial perspective, and the company does not own or control all of their bottling partners. While many view the company as simply Coca-Cola, their system operates through multiple local channels. The Company manufactures and sells concentrates, beverage bases and syrups to bottling operations, owns the brands and is responsible for consumer brand marketing initiatives. Coca Cola’s bottling partners manufacture, package, merchandise and distribute the final branded beverages to Coca Cola customers and vending partners, who then sell their products to consumers (Wikipedia, 2). All bottling partners work closely with customers (grocery stores, restaurants, street vendors, convenience stores, movie theaters and amusement parks, etc.) to execute localized strategies developed in partnership with Coca Cola. Customers then sell their products to consumers at a rate of more than 1.9 billion servings a day. In January 2006, company-owned bottling operations were brought together to form the Bottling Investments operating group, now the second-largest bottling partner in the Coca-Cola system in terms of unit case volume. Distribution Coca-Cola’s portfolio features 17 billion-dollar brands including Diet Coke, Fanta, Sprite, Coca-Cola Zero, Vitaminwater, Powerade, Minute Maid, Simply, Georgia and DelShow MoreRelatedFinancial Analysis Coca-Cola2218 Words   |  9 PagesFinancial Analysis for the Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo years 2004 and 2005. Financial Analysis is very important to present how well a company is being managed. Keeping track of financial statements, taxes, audits, and various other areas of financials show how well a company is doing, or better yet has done in these years, and the probability of improvement in the future. Having data on how a company will do in the future is important so that management, investors, and creditors can see ifRead MoreA Financial Analysis of Coca Cola2473 Words   |  10 PagesINTRODUCTION The Coca-Cola Company is the world largest beverage company. Along with Coca-Cola, recognized as the world’s most valuable brand, the company markets four of the world’s top 5 non-alcoholic sparkling brands, including Diet Coke, Fanta, and Sprite. Consumers in more than 200 countries are enjoying the company’s beverages at a rate exceeding 1.4 billion servings each day. The Coca-Cola Company engages in the manufacture, distribution, and marketing of nonalcoholic beverage concentratesRead MoreCoca Cola Financial Analysis1376 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment #1: Coca-Cola Company Financial Results Analysis: Q3 2012 ACC499/Accounting Capstone 10/21/12 Coca-Cola Company is a beverage company headquartered in the United States with significant international operations. 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Antigone as a Feminist Icon Free Essays

Antigone as a Feminist Icon Male authority is a dominant theme in Sophocles’ â€Å"Antigone. † Men occupied the land, ruled the towns and assigned the women duties to perform. Antigone, however, believed that she was just as strong as the men who ruled society during that time, which led to her downfall. We will write a custom essay sample on Antigone as a Feminist Icon or any similar topic only for you Order Now The goal of the feminist movement has generally been to seek equality between the sexes. Through the women’s movement, women have won the right to vote, and can now compete for traditionally male roles in the workplace. Although the feminist movement has largely taken place during the last 200 year, many figures in history have embodied characteristics of the contemporary feminist, such as the character of Antigone in Sophocles’ â€Å"Antigone. † Antigone’s introduction as a feminist is within the context of a fiercely sexist civilization. Sophocles paints a vivid portrait of a male dominated society. In 442 BC, women believed that they were inferior to men because men held power and influence over the people and the cities. The patriarchy consisted of men who considered themselves of higher importance and standing, and men who would assign women duties and expect them to perform without question. This authoritarian rule placed women in a subordinate role and extinguished any hopes of power. In the face of this efficiently and tightly controlled agency, Antigone rebels with what Catherine Holland describes as an â€Å"otherness† and an â€Å"anti-authoritarian† bent. Her very existence as the protagonist and, simultaneously, the antagonist defines her character as the adversary of man and thereby the adversary of the world. Antigone’s razor sharp temerity captures the spirit of modern and nascent feminism as she slashes the societal fabric into which she is woven. Antigone’s relationship with her sister Ismene also acutely expresses her feminist attributes. Ismene says â€Å"You ought to realize we are only women, not meant in nature to fight against men, and that we are ruled by those who are stronger. † These words provide insight into the female animus. Antigone confronts the difficult situation of whether or not to bury her brother Polynices against the wishes of her uncle, Creon the king. Ismene believes that women, including herself and Antigone, should not and cannot disobey Creon’s orders by burying their own brother. Antigone disagrees and decides to proceed with her plan. Her divergent thought puts her at odds with her entire family and her own survival. This speaks to the power of feminist thought. Antigone shines as a beacon for her contemporaries and for future generations who aspire to emulate her courage and honor. Vital to the play is Antigone’s conflict with Creon. Her resolute feminist ideology is perhaps most profound in regards to her interaction and relationship with her misogynistic and powerful uncle, the King of Thebes. Creon is a central patriarchal figure in society, and he renounces his beliefs in order to follow the laws of man. He values the laws of man above all other creeds, be they religious or moral. Conversely, Antigone follows the laws of the gods. She holds these principals paramount to the laws of Creon. When her mores, in particular, her family values, are impugned by the oppressive, myopic laws of the day, Antigone clashes with the intolerable, indulgent influence of Creon. With a fearless countenance she collides with Creon in a representative â€Å"battle of the sexes. † Creon forbids the burial of Antigone’s brother Polynices, which vexes the core of her family values. This profound allegiance compels her to disregard her place in society, while concurrently adhering to the traditional duty of women of that era. She now embodies a complicated and dynamic actor in her own story and the narrative of feminist thought. Antigone manifests the apogee of human probity, including fortitude and approbation for the gods. The law of the gods mandate that a proper burial right be given to a body. To Antigone this was more salient than Creon’s declaration otherwise. She reserves a traditional role as a woman; while also brazenly confronting this image. Challenging him through word and deed, she verbally criticizes him and ignores his decree against burying her brother. Creon becomes enraged by this rejection of his autonomy and condemns Antigone to death. Even though Creon knows that Antigone is the daughter of Jocasta, he knows that he must consummate his judgment to conserve his command over and respect of the people of Thebes. This battle between chauvinism of Creon and the conscious of Antigone sets the stage for the new king to secure his role as a strong and worthy leader. If he is feared and admired, he will be confirmed as the sublime authoritative force in Thebes. His deference to the state will engender the obedience of the people. Creon’s derisive manipulation to coerce others conflicts with Antigone’s courageous challenge to his leadership. Many of the men of Thebes embraced Creon’s bold assertions against women. As a model of defiance, Antigone is used to set an example to all of Thebes. Antigone is not only the first woman but first person whom intentionally defies Creon’s order to not bury her brother, who has been acknowledged a traitor to Thebes. Creon refuses to humble himself before others, or compromise on the issue but most importantly with women. He states that it is † Better to fall from power, if fall we must, at the hands of a man-never to rated inferior to a woman, never†. Antigone does not give Creon additional respect based on the fact that he a man in patriarchal society or because he is king. Rather she argues that there shall be equality under God and the equality among all of the sexes. Antigone makes it clear to Ismene that she will take action relating to their brother regardless if Ismene agrees or not. Although they argue, there difference in opinion stand out in the end. Antigone is brave enough to stand firm on her decision and although Ismene is far too weak to defy the kings laws, she still feels as if she holds somewhat of a responsibility towards her sister. Without the help of her sister, Iseme, Antigone is willing to put her life at risk in order to provide for her brother and give him what deserves as far as the what the Gods say should be done. Despite Creon, Antigone is willing to test male authority although it may mean not fulfilling her duties as a sister. Ismene states: â€Å"Remember we are women, we’re not born to contend with men. Then too, we’re underlings, ruled by much stronger hands, so we must submit in this, and things still worse†. These words express Ismene’s extreme fear of subordination towards men. It shows her viewpoint on how the laws restricted the lives of woman and inferiority men placed upon women. A sense of responsibility is place upon Ismene to die with her sister as the the result of Antigone’s plea for help and her fear of being without family. When Creon spoke to Haemon, about the actions of his fiance, he strongly stresses the importance of obligations and the relationships of a man to his father over his wife. Furthermore, he emphasizes the position of males in judgment making by stating, â€Å" Oh Haemon, never loose your sense of judgment over a woman† Haemon’s defiance to his father lead Creon to proclaim him a â€Å"woman’s slave,† a man who is unfortunately sided with a woman. Creon had strong belief that these types of actions were close to committing a sin. If Antigone had been born the son of Oedipus, Creon would not have the authority to choose, as his crown would rest upon Antigone’s head. If Antigone were a male and Creon had been king, the possibility of her opinion on Polynices burial may have been considered. However, Antigone’s femininity made her situation more problematic than it was, as the King completely overlooked Antigone’s judgment over the matter. In conclusion, Antigone validates feminist opinions in numerous ways. She begins to challenge society by her existence in the establishment of a dominant male society guided by her own uncle. Antigone defies her own sister and her own mortality as she stays loyal to her beliefs regardless of Creon’s devotion to his own laws. Antigone as a woman, acted out in obligation as a duty for her family and for the Gods. Her integrity serves as an example for her society. Antigone faced her mortality head on, which suggest that she possesses a strong characteristic of bravery and obstinacy. Her legacy will live on to inspire many other insurgents to take a stand on their principles. Antigone’s solid feminist stance as a rebelling and male-controlled dictator shows that individualistic thinking and actions can be very powerful in both past and present modern day society. Works Cited Amacher, Richard E. â€Å"Antigone: â€Å"The Most Misread of Ancient Plays†. † National Council of Teachers of English 20. 7 Apr. (1959): 355-58. Web. 4 Nov. 2012. ;http://www. jstor. org/stable/372655;. Holland, Catherine A. â€Å"After Antigone: Women, the Past, and the Future of Feminist Political Thought. † American Journal of Politcal Science 42. Oct. (1998): 1108-32. Web. 4 Nov. 2012. ;http://www. Jstor. org/stable/2991851;. Klemperer, Klemens V. â€Å"†What is the Law That Lies behind These Words? † Antigones Question and the German Resistance against Hitler. † The Chicago Press 64 Dec. (1992): S102-11. Web. 4 Nov. 2012. ;http://www. jstor. org/stable/2124971;. Knapp, Charles. â€Å"A Point in the Interpretation of the Antigone o f Sophocles. † The American Journal of Philology 37. 3 (1916): 300-16. Web. 4 Nov. 2012. ;http://www. jstor. org/stable/849663;. Schilb, John, and John How to cite Antigone as a Feminist Icon, Essay examples

Human Resource Culturally Competent Health Care

Question: Describe about the Human Resource for Culturally Competent Health Care. Answer: Actions Taken to Create a More Diverse Workforce Reflecting the Community The first step of developing an effective workforce is increasing the diversity, and the process is a vital factor for developing the workplaces of different healthcare. However, the managers and leaders of the healthcare organizations must need to develop the knowledge related to embracing diversity of different categories. In order to ensure the success in adopting the set of actions for creating a diverse workplace, the leaders must need to be critically informed about the key norms and customs of the respective culture (Jeffreys, 2015). They have to gain the ability to understand how these dissimilar norms are affecting the perception of healthcare service users to be sensible in the delivery of diversity strategies. Therefore, the strategies and actions developed by the healthcare leaders and managers should need to address the differing views and requirements of the community. In case of the population of US, the demographics within the country dynamically affect the views and perception of the community (Bell MacDougall, 2013). It leads the policy makers within the healthcare organizations to shift their focus on the involvement of different demographic segments into the workforce to create well-diversified working environment. Efforts to Improve Cultural Competence One of the important goals of the healthcare system of US is the achievement of an equitable health care and reducing the health disparities. In order to reduce the health disparities, various hospitals and nursing homes throughout the country should need to focus more on gaining the increasing competence in terms of its workplace culture. Therefore, the cultural competence is identified as the foundational pillar for developing the culturally sensitive and unbiased quality of care (Hendricks Cope, 2013). Regarding the definition of culturally competent care, it reflects the maintenance of diversity in the patient population while respecting the different cultural factors affecting the overall process of health care. Language, behaviours, attitudes, feedbacks, communication styles, and beliefs are the significant factors representing the culture. Therefore, the ability of the healthcare service providers should need to be improved by the involvement of important cultural competence interventions. It will assist them to provide good quality of care to the patients according to their requirements effectively (Purnell, 2014). The efforts of these healthcare service providers should need to be redefined by including the supports obtained from the nursing staffs, physicians, or allied health professionals who have standard contact with the patients. Subsequent Business Results from the Application By the application of the actions guided by the adequate cultural competence interventions, the key health system factors can be engineered to provide support to the patients and promoting the maintenance of cultural competence. The healthcare organizations can be able to address multiple physical barriers in terms of their access by the patients or the staffs (Bell MacDougall, 2013). Additionally, the subsequent result from the foundation of the proposed guidelines will assist the patients to promote the relationship with the service providers to ensure the quality care is provided to them accordingly. References Bell, M., MacDougall, K. (2013). Adapting online learning for Canada's Northern public health workforce.International journal of circumpolar health,72. Hendricks, J. M., Cope, V. C. (2013). Generational diversity: what nurse managers need to know.Journal of advanced nursing,69(3), 717-725. Jeffreys, M. R. (2015).Teaching cultural competence in nursing and health care: Inquiry, action, and innovation. Springer Publishing Company. Purnell, L. D. (2014).Guide to culturally competent health care. FA Davis.

Why does he shift the the first person plural w Essays -

why does he shift the the first person plural we' in the final lines of the poem? The narrator feels a sense of frustration as he waits for his lover as evidenced through the first person , " I listened with heart fit to break." The shift to second person in the last lines of the poem, "And thus we sit her enow" indicates how his frustration of waiting for his lover are now appeared through her death as he has possession of her, "And I untightened next to the tress." Through her murder he has gained control of his lover now she will never leave him again. What is the effect of repeating and' Thecumulativeeffect ofand', shows the actionofPorphyria'sloveras illustrated in "And kneeled and made the cheerless grate" and shows her dominance in the relationship. This poem was written during the Victorian period- why is it important to have an understanding of this period when you read the poem It is important to understand the context of the poem as in the Victorian Period there was certain social constraints and gender expectations such as the male being dominant' and 'powerful' in a relationship. Women were also not allowed to have affairs and be dating people of lower social status to them. Without knowing it would be hard to develop a deeper understanding as to why there relationship was behind closed doors and why at first Porphyria' had more power. Thus the reason behind why she was killed. Porphyria is perfectly pure and good and thus satisfies her role as a traditional Victorian women. Why is this ironic? find quotes to support your answer. This is ironic as she subverts the 19 th century gender and relationship expectations as demonstrated through "she put my arm about her waist", to convey her control and dominance within the relationship. During this time period men were usually powerful' and dominant'. However this is not the case in her relationship. This is further supported by the use of active verbs and repetition of and' in "And kneeled and made the cheerless grate" showing her action and the fact that she is in control. What might the removal of her dipping cloak and shawl' etc be symbolic of? This shows her status , and conveys the fact that she is behind the closeddoor which is metaphoric/symbolic of her freedom from theoutside constraints. Although Porphyria's lover appears to be insane Browning is making a comment about the Victorian social class system- what do you think he is trying to say? He is trying to convey that in the Victorian Social class system women generally were not dominant and did not have power in the relationship. They were also not allowed to be have affairs. In the poem Porphyria' is dating a person on a lower social status to her which was not socially accepted in this time period and thus she had more power and control. This is why their relationship was behind closed door showing the society's opposition to their unequal match of their inequality. The poem Porphoriyas lover' was opposite to what was socially acceptable in that time period and hence leading to her lover murdering her. Extended response Browning examines the potential for tragedy when lives are controlled by thee strict social rules such as those of Victorian England Browning examines the potential for the tragedy when lives are controlled by the strict social rules such as those of Victorian England. Porphyria subverts the 19 th century expectations as demonstrated through "she put my arm about her waist", to convey her control and dominance within the relationship. Due, to the constraints of that time, the lovers meet in secret as metaphorically depicted through "she shut the storm", where the words cold' and storm' indicate society's opposition to their unequal match of inequality. The removal of her dipping cloak and shawl' indicate her status and convey the fact that she is behind closed doors which is symbolic of her freedom from the outside constraints .The persona refers to Porphyria as " To weak, for all her heart endeavour' implying that although in love with him pride' will not allow her to dissever' her' social ties' as she is vain and will not surrender her position in society.

Essay on Hamlet Final Draft

Essay on Hamlet Final Draft Essay on Hamlet Final Draft Raven Robledo Ms. Happ Shakespeare: Block 1 6 November 2014 Ophelia Chose Not To Be What would a tragedy be without death? Not a tragedy. William Shakespeare’s tragedies are famously known for their obscene violence and copious amounts of death. Hamlet, one of his most memorable plays, is no exception and does not disappoint in headcount, however one of the most striking deaths of the play is the innocent Ophelia’s. Obedient daughter of Polonius, naà ¯ve lover of Hamlet, victim to the hostile grips of politics. Although Ophelia experiences an unfortunate death, given the circumstances that lead up to her drowning, there stands the possibility that she is more aware of her situation than she lead on throughout a majority of the play and chooses to take her own life rather continuing to suffer the repercussions of other people’s actions. Ophelia lives in a politically driven world filled where spying, deceit and manipulation are typical actions to gain power. Because she does not possess any title of power or significance, to be anything but a m an in Elsinore leaves her at a disadvantage. From the time Ophelia is introduced, until later in the play when her father dies, the most the audience witnesses her do in Denmark is pine over Hamlet, and takes orders from her father Polonius and brother Laertes. This makes her inherently different from everyone else in Denmark because she an innocent girl with no apparent desire to actively seek out power. A perfect scapegoat. To worsen her position, she has faith in the men in her life which in this world, as Ian Johnston words it, â€Å"simply has no room for love† (Johnston 9). Ophelia is in the perfect situation to be manipulated and let down by Polonius and Hamlet. Hamlet seems to carry the most weight in Ophelia’s eventual spiral into madness and death. She appears to be opportunistic from her first scene because she declares to her father that she loves Hamlet and how â€Å"he hath importuned [her] with love† (1.3.119). However despite her feelings she d oes as her father tells her and breaks up with Hamlet. This moment marks a turn in Hamlet’s actions towards Ophelia as he becomes defensive and resorts to verbal attacks towards Ophelia. Both verbal interactions they have consist of Hamlet insulting Ophelia’s sexuality, but what differentiates his first attack from the second, is that the second is made public. In Act 3, Scene 2, Hamlet chooses to again verbally attack Ophelia’s sexuality with crude remarks and puns, but this time in presence of the court, publicly humiliating her. Ophelia, having clearly been in love with Hamlet, must have been not only offended but heartbroken by Hamlet’s harsh words. Each cruel word chipping away at her hope in men. Not only did Hamlet take part in deteriorating Ophelia’s faith in men, but her own father, Polonius, did as well. Her father shows no second thought in his initial use of Ophelia to determine Hamlet’s sanity by insisting she to break up with h im. However he does show some concern after forcing her to return Hamlet’s belonging to him in order to eavesdrop with Claudius. Each situation causing more issues with Hamlet, but Ophelia wants to abide by her father and assume that he’s doing what’s best. It’s not until his death that it becomes apparent that things begin to click for Ophelia. After

Would You Write Daily If You Got Paid For It

Would You Write Daily If You Got Paid For It A new UK company has launched offering aspiring novelists an alternative to publication: a salary from  £2,000 per month to write novels. De Montfort Literature (DML) will pay writers a salary to write novels which DML will then design, print, publish and promote. After salary, production and marketing costs, authors will receive a 50 percent share of the book sale profits. https://www.thebookseller.com/news/start-publishing-venture-offer-aspiring-novelists-salary-793601 Imagine having to report to work every day, sit at your desk, and produce a certain amount of work. To earn a full-time writing income, you have to write full-time. A lot of people dont like that. They think the rigorous schedule takes the fun out of writing. Well, guess what? When a hob Write every day. You get better. You get stronger. You get faster. You build confidence. You become dependable. You get to the point that whenever your butt hits the chair, your brain kicks into gear and your fingers itch to write. Its called habit. Its teaching your body what to instinctively do. And it makes a mockery out of writers block. Most authors are afraid to write daily. Those who arent, are the ones making more money. Doesnt that just make perfect sense?

The Way to Wealth Benjamin Franklin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Way to Wealth Benjamin Franklin - Essay Example To gain diligence, a student requires undivided attention in class and participation in group works. It is possible to reinforce diligence through readings in articles, journals and other books. A knowledgeable student possesses a large scope of understanding in the electrical concepts. Diligence allows making inferences where concepts are not well understood. Participation in class discussions should be encouraged so that students get to share views and wealth of their understanding of concepts in electricity. To gain diligence is a factor of effort by an individual. With proper understanding of electricity, a student becomes empowered to avoid accidents. The student gets to learn what to do and what to rephrase from doing in an electrical accident. People become empowered to work with electrical cables conducting high voltage due to a good understanding of electricity. Experts in the field lack tension regardless of the danger they expose themselves (Adams 18). Another aphorism inf orms the reader to do today, what he plans to do tomorrow. This indicates the need for research. To keep in pace with the demands of the current world, an electrician cannot be left behind in designing user friendly interphones in the field. It is only through research that safe methods of handling electricity can be developed. Electricity forms the driving force of many economies and gains application in many homesteads all over the world. Through research, ways of application can be reviewed, or new ways developed. New ways of generating electricity can be discovered through extensive research. It is through research that electricity can now be generated from wave tides, wind and biogas. Efficient ways of application and perhaps generation can be developed through research. With the global warming challenge, many rivers used for hydro-power generation are receding. The amounts of Kilowatts diminish continually. Nuclear generation has its share or challenges in disposal of radioact ive matter and the impact on the environment. All fields are facing various challenges prompting aggressive research to be able to sustain the world while taking care of the environment. Through research, the foreseeable problems can be solved and avoided (Hill 592). ‘A little neglect may bring enormous mischief.’ In this aphorism, the writer sought to caution against lack of attention to details. Most electrical accidents happen due to neglect. Installers leave loose live wires hanging around or bare sockets. These become lethal in the homesteads. Fires and electrocution form examples of mischief caused by neglect. Good workmanship should be encouraged to the students. This can be instilled through practical sessions to establish how keen a student remains. Electrical work is sometimes tedious and uninteresting; this may cause a person to overlook basic faults which might later develop into disastrous mistakes. Students usually lack the necessary attention while perfor ming duties. When designing a factory, for instance, careful calculations are involved. If the calculations used are wrong, installations might fail or even blow. Huge losses would be incurred due to small mistakes in calculations. This also calls for discipline and decent work ethics. Imagine the damage that would occur in the ICU unit of a referral hospital due to the negligence of an electrician. Expensive equipment would be destroyed and lives lost. Taking of shortcuts must be

Digital Media - Critical Perspectives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Digital Media - Critical Perspectives - Essay Example Firstly, we will examine the various definitions of media convergence, and then proceed to assess the forms of convergence. Secondly, we will look at its impacts and then give a conclusion. It is pertinent, before we examine the various definitions that have been advanced in favor of the term media convergence, that we understand the term new media. New media refers to the modern technological advancements that have been realized in the technology and media world. It may refer to the processes, the applications, the methodologies, or the physical gadgets. Smartphones and iPads are therefore seen as gadgets that are representative of the new media notion while applications such as social media are also perceived as new media. What then is media convergence? The term media convergence is ambiguous. This is because it denotes a wide range of meanings and cannot be said to have a strict textbook meaning (Tim, 2010). As such, various authors and scholars have advanced several definitions of the concept. Media convergence, according to Richard Gershon, can be defined as the merging together of media which were previously autonomous or distinct to create a new media dispensation (Brown, 2005). It basically means bringing together various technological platforms into one media platform. These technological platforms include software applications such as animations, the internet, and new technologies such as the Smartphone technology. Media convergence in the new media environment can also be defined as the piecing together, or the interlinking, of computing and Information Communication Technologies (ICTs). It is also defined as the synchronizing of media content that has existed since the internet came into existence, digitalization of information technology, and remodeling of old media into a format that is new (Tim, 2010). In the above definitions, convergence is understood as the bringing

Continuities and Chnages of Labor Systems in Africa Essay Example for Free

Continuities and Chnages of Labor Systems in Africa Essay Many attempts have been made around the world at reforming current legal systems in search of a better one. As the amount of crime rises worldwide, people are constantly on the lookout for new and improved ways to fight it, and prevent it. Three such attempts involving attempts to change legal systems have been discussed the last half of this course. The change from the system put in place when a country was under colonization, as in Kilamanjaro, and Papa New Guinea. An attempt to revert to the historically cultural ways of dealing with conflict, as in China and India. In addition, an attempt by the more modern industrialized societies to become more attuned to the people with whom they are trying to help, as in Japan, and Santa Anna. By studying these examples and implementing one of them, almost any kind of stagnant legal system can attempt to change for the better. Many countries were colonized throughout the history of the world, by more dominant countries. These colonizing countries often only wanted the newly acquired country for the land, resources, or the labor they could offer. Often these colonizers brought into the new country their style of government and law, neglecting the native people. Many times, this new system caused many of the problems in the colonized country. Two examples of a country being colonized and the subsequent changes that occurred once the colonizers left are in Kilamanjaro and in Papa New Guinea. Kilamanjaro was colonized first by the Germans in the mid 1880s, and then by the British during WWI, and finally gained independence in 1961 (Tanzania). Each country brought with it their own system of government and law, and attempted to impose these on the people of Kilamanjaro. To the native people, land is extremely important, and often the cause of many conflicts. There are two different types of farmland on the mountain, a high one and a low one, and coffee is the dominant cash crop. Since there isnt enough prime farming land for everybody, a system of patriarchal lineage developed where the male would give his existing compound to his oldest son, and move somewhere else inviting his youngest so to live with him, and have the farm upon his death. If there was a middle son, he was forced to operate independently. As the population continues to grow rapidly, inevitably, stress has begun to compound this system; there just isnt enough land for all the people. This led to many conflicts arising over who actually owns land, since it was essential to the survival of the people. Historically the chief was the most important people in Kilamanjaro, as he is responsible for several districts over an area. Chiefs controlled the long distance profitable trade, received half of the cattle fro the wars, could at any time call on his people to help do anything such as build a fence, and sometimes even received an extra child from his people to use as another worker. These chiefs were often fair people, they believed in not squeezing the poor but taxing the rich. They wanted to help the poor, and create a mutuality situation between them and the rich. When it came to conflict resolution chiefs were able to settle disputes, but often didnt, as many people tried to keep the dispute with in their own family or lineage. They went to the elders instead and sought their advice. A case would go to the chiefs only if deemed necessary by the elders. Under the German period of occupation, this system was altered. They insisted on recognizing the customary law and ruling through the chiefs. However they didnt really let the chiefs have any power. The Germans took over the long distance trade, wiped out warfare, and stripped from the chiefs their whole base of their power. The chiefs whole basis of power under this system was the fact the Germans recognized them as powerful. Things changed however under the British system. The British saw themselves as more advanced, and thus wanted to civilize the Africans, and help them to create a better system. What they created was a system of duality, where they used traditional law for minor infractions, and British law for the serious crimes. This again takes the power out of the traditional cultural ways of solving disputes, and places it in the colonizers. The Germans took over economically, and the British, while still taking over economically they changed the whole cultural system as well. The British sought to understand the true customary laws of the Africans, and to write them down as a means of reference for settling disputes, a practice which for centuries was never done, yet the locals always managed to solve disputes. They implemented a system of modern British laws, including imposing a statute of limitations on cases. This contradicted with the customary way the Africans dealt with things in the law. The British also wanted to systemize the law, emphasize the rule of the law, and impose their own decisions on local problems. The British also formed a duel court system, one for whites and another for Africans, as an attempt at allowing the locals to retain some form of their historical past. Overall, the British system was naive and morally based, not the way the Africans traditionally operated. Their system, of viewing everything as static and unchanging was too radical for the indigenous people to comprehend. Their whole existence has been based on the cultural laws of their people, and the implementation of those laws as elders, or chiefs saw fit. The local laws were multidimensional and could be seen in different context by the natives at different times, with the British wanting to write everything down and operate from this system of written law, the system changed and the ability of the customary law to change with the times change to. Another example of a colonizing situation was in New Guinea, where it was recently colonized by Europeans. As was the case with the Africans, New Guinea was a farming community, and thus, viewed land as an important commodity. They have a traditional system of Big Man government, no chiefs just several big men who represent the power and authority in the area. They emphasized self-help, and negotiation in their resolving conflicts, but also used the threat of fighting, and the actual fights themselves as a means of resolution. New Guinea differs from Africa in that the Europeans attempted to be less intrusive into their way of life. They patrolled the areas where the people lived, erasing the system of contacts that had been developed among the people. They tried not to be heavy handed but at the same time ruined the connections made between the people that was essential for their resolving disputes. Warfare was looked down upon, and thus the traditional way of resolving disputes was radically erased from the land. Even though the Europeans were trying to be fair and let the traditional system work, they didnt understand it. They didnt realize that these conflicts and connections were crucial to the traditional system and was needed for it to be able to operate. These two examples show the problems that colonizers have with trying to impose modernization on a society as remote and backwards as these. They have existed for centuries by their own terms, why should they change now. Legal systems change for reasons other than a dominating colonizing power forcing them to. In China for example, there has long been a history of mediation as a means of settling disputes. This history of mediation was based on the Confucianism, an ideology that emphasizes harmony and respect for one another, along with a hierarchy in all the cosmos, meaning that it emphasized people respecting and getting along with one another, even when settling disputes. It also emphasized that certain people were indeed higher in stature than others were. Mediation under this system placed a strong emphasis on the ritual, and ceremony of settling disputes. Each party in the process has a particular role, and each party is expected to perform in that role. This concept was based on the Li, or the philosophical principle that called for respect and social form. This type of mediation allowed people to save face, and not to publicly admit to wrongdoing. Once the conflict was settled, the issues surrounding the original debate were never discussed again and the partys left happy with the sense of community restored. This traditional system worked well to preserve the community of the in the traditional sense of the Chinese culture. When communism came into power this system of mediation was preserved, however, slightly altered. It became known as comrades court, which involved many people with anyone having the ability to mediate. This was a very tight association between social mediation and political ideology. It was an extreme form of exclusive mediation, as Greenhouse would have categorized it. It consisted of the political ideology being very influential, and no longer just trying to deal with the interests of the parties involved. Its goal was to educate the population in the beliefs of the government, and resolve the conflicts as quickly and efficiently as possible. Like the old system the face to face part of the process was still in use, however, one didnt know who would end up getting involved in the mediation process, and often the people feared that the government would get involved and punish them severely, possibly even by death. For this reason many people were afraid of the system and opted not to use it as readily as they had the traditional. With the opening up of China to outside influences, the system has lightly changed as well, although it is nowhere near, where it was before communism. It is still used as the first means of resolving conflicts, however, the vast majority of these cases are being dealt with on the localized level, causing many to feel more at ease with the situation. These local mediation communities are still under heavy control of the communist party, as the judges are often placed there by the party itself. Disputes since the rise of communism have been classified into two categories, those involving ordinary citizens, and those involving crimes against the state. It is where the crime is directed against the state that the process of mediation is pretty much thrown out and the accused is severely punished, prompting the fear of the public. Within both systems, mediation plays a major role, as does the bias against the use of law as a means of resolving disputes. This has led to the widespread acceptance of the mediation system under communist regime even though it differs from the traditional form of mediation. A major difference between the two systems is the way they each look at the conflict itself. In the traditional early period, conflict was seen as unavoidable, and they worked to ensure there wouldnt be future conflicts. In the communist period, they tend to see conflict as important and productive and dont attempt to appease all the parties involved in a dispute upon settling it. The major difference however, as it is in most other aspects of Chinese life, is the involvement of the state. In traditional times the state was never involved, maybe occasionally, nowadays the state plays a major role, often squashing any of the traditional characteristics of the system. The state wants its influence to be recognized, its voice to be heard, where as in the past it used to be the voice of the people that was most important, and led to the resolutions lasting and everyone being satisfied by them. The process now, while it may be inexpensive and not involving the courts, is very intrusive into peoples lives, and imposes political values on the people who bring their cases to mediation. Is it better then the traditional sense? I dont know if it is or not, it is very similar, but much like the rest of China the government sought more control in the everyday affairs of the people, and that is what is happening. A similar situation occurred in India, where there existed a complex system of conflict resolution, but upon the government wanting to modernize the country, most was thrown out. India is also another country that has been colonized, and draws a lot of its government from the British. However, once colonization ended for them, the newly free government had to decide whether or not to revert to the traditional practices of the Jati, or attempt to bring Indian law into the 21st century. Many of the hierarchy of society at the time India was granted freedom were legal professionals from the British days. They wanted to implement a British style of legal system, mainly for their own material gains, as they would be the ones who would be called on as lawyers, and judges. Many people within India opposed this system, seeing it as the culture of the oppressor. They sought to eradicate this system from their country completely. However, as the years of colonization passed the British system gradually became fused with features of the local tradition, especially the local courts system. It became less of an oppressive system and more of a working one. Today the British system has become domesticated to the Indian ways of doing things and a hybrid system has developed. It no longer seems so alien to so many Indians. This example is similar to the Chinese example as the governments of each country are trying to deal with change. In China when the communists took over they only wanted to slightly alter the existing system of mediation, while in India when the British left, the new government only wanted to slightly change the existing system. In both cases, little change was made, only enough to take into consideration the new ideologies of the new government. There is however, a strong backlash against the British system in terms of how it deals with marriage law, but I am choosing not to discuss this issue because it is abstract from the points that I am trying to make. Legal systems also change as they are deemed to be unresponsive, and to out of touch, a is the case in many of the industrialized societies of today. Two examples exist of how changes in the way police are conducting their trade has led to improvements within the society, Japan, and Santa Ana California. The Japanese have made their police much more visible, and eadily available to the public, when compared to the typical American city. This has led to them being much more accepted by the Japanese public than the American police are by our public. They have, for a long time now, abandoned the motorized form of policing in a car, and have instead opted for foot patrols. This brings the actual officer out onto the street, and gets him more involved in the affairs of the people, enabling him to be better capable of stopping trouble before it starts. The whole emphasis on the way the Japanese police has been placed in their continuing efforts to integrate with the community. A system of Kubans has been developed as a place in the community where a small number of officers are stationed. There are several Koban through out Japan, as they are the basis for the policing process. These Koban have various connections with various community groups and organization, further placing the public behind the police. Similarly, in Santa Anna California, a new system has been adopted to better integrate the police force with the people they are trying to serve. During the racially tensed 1960s the police department in the city became very out of touch with the needs of the people in Santa Anna. Police officers began to see themselves as the only form of law, and began to enact their own brand of justice. Public opinion of the department went down, as did the relationship between the department and the public. The city therefore hired a new chief whom implemented several new community oriented policies all aimed at trying to restore the trust of the public. He divided the city into four grids and flooded each with police officers, in an attempt to make the police more accessible to the public, and their concerns. He also hired several new citizens to act as officers, without the official tag of being police officers. They handled many of the mundane tasks of police work, which freed up more officers to be out in the public, exposing themselves, and attempting to prevent crime. Due to the large foreign speaking population, he also hired several citizens who could speak the languages of the people, thus making the department more accessible to those who previously have been closed out due to language barriers. Buildings were set up as a neighborhood control center for the police, but also lent it to many community functions. These buildings, which were very similar to the Koban in Japan, were an attempt to invite the public in and welcome them into the police world. As in Japan, the public was welcomed in and encouraged to make complaints, give information about possible criminal activity, or just sit down and get to know the officers. All of this was done in an attempt to win over the public, and make them feel more comfortable with the police department. It is very similar to the way the Japanese system is set up in that they both work from the grassroots level, using the human resources approach rather than an authoritative system, and the strong desire to integrate with the community, and make them feel more comfortable with the police. As I have demonstrated, changes have taken place in legal systems around the world, some for the better and some not. However, they all end up, in one way or another to reflect the belief that traditional methods are best. Without any inclusion of traditional methods law itself wouldnt be able to be applied to masses of people.

Critical Analysis of an Incident Essay -- Nursing Reflective Practice

Introduction The intention of this written essay is to demonstrate an understanding of my views on the art and science of reflection and the issues surrounding reflective practice. It is based on a significant incident from my own area of clinical practice as a state registered paramedic within the U.K. There is a discussion appraising the concept of reflection both generally, and in my particular area of practice. This is followed by an analysis of the incident using The What ? Model of Structured reflection suggested by Driscoll (2000). A rationale is given for the selection of this particular incident and also for the selection of the chosen model as a framework. It will show how the model has been used to reflect on the incident, what has been learnt, and the outcome on both current and future practice. Reflection is an active process of witnessing one’s own experience so that we can take a closer look at it. It has its foundations in the discipline of experiential learning. Dewey (1939 cited in Rolfe, Freshwater, & Jasper 2001) claimed that we learn by doing, and realising what came of what we did. â€Å"Reflective practice is something more than thoughtful practice. It is that form of practice which seeks to problematise many situations of professional performance so that they can become potential learning situations and so the practitioners can continue to learn, grow and develop in and through their practice† Jarvis P. (1992) pp174 -181. Johns, C (2000a) pg 34, describes reflection as a window through which the practitioner can view and focus self within the context of his own lived experience in ways that enable him to confront, understand and work towards resol... ...pman, C.M. (1988) Professional and Ethical Issues in Nursing: The Code of Professional Conduct: Chichester; J. Willey & Sons Ltd. Jarvis, P. (1992) Reflective practice and nursing, in Nurse Education Today, Vol 12, No.3 pp 174 - 181 Johns, C (2000a) Becoming a Reflective Practitioner; Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd. Chapter 3 pg 34 Johns, C. (2000b) Becoming a Reflective Practitioner: Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd. Chapter 3 pg 36 Procter, B. (1986) Supervision: a co-operative exercise in accountability: Routledge U.K. pg 23 Rolf, G., Freshwater, D. and Jasper M. (2001) Critical reflection for nursing and the helping professions: a users guide. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan Roth, P.A. (1989) What is reflective practice? (Internet) Available from http://www/lovehealth.org/tools/reflection2.htm (accessed on 21 December 2006)

Compare and contrast Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Edison Essay

Long ago there was time where, the room was lit by candle light. In everything one could do one needed a candle next to them to make it possible for it to be done. It was not until the birth of Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Edison that this was changed forever. These two great men’s inventions are what make our world today and without it, we would not be as advanced that we are. This will prove that there are many seminaries (interested in electricity, were both scientist and inventors, both improved the world) between Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Edison along with their differences (family valves, Benjamin involved in politics world, Thomas involved in social world), wrapping up with how the two scientists are more similar then different. Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Edison can resemble each other in more ways then one. For both of the scientists, electricity was a great interest. Franklin believed that lightning was electricity that came from the clouds. He believed this theory so much that he proposed an experiment to prove it. It would consist of attracting lightning to metal rods resulting in the invention of the lightning rod. Thomas Edison was known for his light bulb. Contrary to popular belief, Edison did not invent the light bulb, just improved a 50-year-old idea. It was Edison’s interest in electricity that brought him to improve the light bulb. Secondly, both of these great men were not only scientist but at the same time inventors too. Benjamin Franklin will always be known for one of the most important inventions for mankind, Bifocals. This invention changed the lives of many people by the way they see and the convince of it. Not only did Franklin discover Bifocals but also the Lightning Rod, Cathe ter, and Franklin Stove. Thomas Edison was mostly known for his work he did with the light bulb. He also helped the movie world. Some may call it the entertainment world instead. He invented the first camera for motion pictures, it was called the Kinetophone. This invention help change the way people provide entertainment forever. Next, these scientist were both great in all ways, they also started something new to add to their greatest. Franklin started the first fire insurance. He came up with the idea when he was 46. He knew with the new technology coming out, that it may be of some need. Thomas Edison worked for newspapers when he was a young boy. He started the first newspaper to ever be printed on a train.  He called it the Grand Trunk Herald. Finally, not only was the interest of electricity a big favor in their seminaries but also they both started their lives working in the printing profession. Franklin worked in the printing profession up until he turned 42. There he decided to retire to devote his time to his studies in science. Edison started working for the printing profession as a young boy. Wh en he was twelve, he lost almost all his hearing. Edison believed it was from when he was grabbed by his ears and lifted to a train. With the lost of almost all his hearing, it did not slow Edison down. Just like the connections, variations are also applied when referring to Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Edison. These two men were very different when it applies to their families. Franklin was very distant from his family. When he moved to Boston, he cut his family completely out of his life. For Edison he claims that his mother is what made him. When he was a boy, there was a disagreement with the teacher that he mother did not like. She in result pulled him from school and continued to teach him herself. She then taught Edison the rest of his schooling. Many believe that this is the reason he quotes his mother made him. Next, along with being a scientist and inventor, Franklin was also at the same time involved in the political world. When he was 70, Franklin was chosen to be in the Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention. The next year he signed the Treaty of Alliance with France. Right before Franklin passed on he signed the Constitution of the United States of America. Lastly, as for Edison he was involved in a totally different world that many people today would know it as the social world. Edison had invented the first camera for motion pictures. By doing this, it brought him into the entertainment world and later called the social world. Edison even copyrighted the first motion picture ever. It showed his employee Fred Ott pretending to sneeze. By doing this, it started the production of motion pictures. Edison changed the Social world just like Franklin changed the Political world. After reviewing Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Edison’s achievements, it is recognized that there are more seminaries rather then differences. In history it was even written that Thomas Edison was following in Benjamin  Franklin’s footsteps. Both were interested in the same things and the same desires when conducting their experiments and theories. They both enjoyed researching electricity. When researching it they both came up with inventions that changed the world. Even when they were children, they both enjoyed the same careers. They both started out working in the printing profession and then finished their lives with studying science. Along with being in the printing profession, they both were known to be scientists and inventors. With all the work that they have finished, it led them to discover new things that could improve the world. For example Franklin will always be known for the lightning rod and the bifocals. As will Edison be known for improving the light bulb and starting the entertainment world with the first camera for motion pictures. Without these two men something’s in this world today just would not be here. This has just proved that there are many seminaries (interested in electricity, were both scientist and inventors, both improved the world) between Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Edison along with their differences (family valves, Benjamin involved in politics world, Thomas involved in social world), wrapping up with how the two scientists are more similar then different. These two scientist and inventors are two great men that have lived. Without some work that they have accomplished, no one would know where the world would be today.

Artificial Birth Control Essay

Artificial birth control methods have been used for thousands of years. The hieroglyphics of ancient Egyptians show a figure of an Egyptian male wearing a device around the penis to help prevent pregnancy during intercourse. And there are other cultures which use condoms made of linen or animal intestines. Until now, historians and researchers are still debating on whether the condoms are for ritual purposes or not. â€Å"Artificial Birth Control† is most commonly heard in relation to religious teachings on family planning. Many sectors especially religion encourage the use of natural family planning as opposed to artificial birth control because they believe that using artificial contraception is opposite to God’s will. But there are also non-religious people who preferred not to use artificial birth control for personal, ethical or medical reasons. Artificial birth control can be defined as any product, procedure or practice that uses artificial or unnatural means to prevent pregnancy. Barrier methods such as condoms, Intra uterine Devices (copper), diaphragms, cervical cap, and sponge, hormonal methods such as the pill, IUDs (hormonal), and emergency contraception. There are also injections, spermicides, and surgical sterilization procedures such as tubal ligation and vasectomy which are all considered to be artificial birth control methods. This paper includes the different types and examples of artificial birth control and their advantages and disadvantages. Condoms A condom is a device made of fine rubber (latex). It avoids unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including AIDS and HIV. The use of condoms is one of the easiest, most reliable and effective methods. But one should take few precautionary measures before using it; they must ensure that it is not torn or ruptured and that they are using it before the expiry date. For a male condom, the man covers his penis with a condom during sexual intercourse in order to prevent the sperm from entering the vagina. A female condom is also made if fine rubber (latex) that when used it must be entirely aligned to vagina. The two types of female condom are the FC or FC2 female condom and the VA w.o.w. Condom Feminine. The FC female condom is a 17 cm (6.5 inches) in length. There is a flexible ring at each end. At the closed end of the sheath, the flexible ring is inserted into the vagina to anchor the condom in place. While at the open end, the ring stays outside the vulva at the entrance to the vagina. The VA w.o.w. Condom Feminine when not stretched is around 9 cm (3.5 inches) – though it is very elastic. It has a rounded triangular frame at the open end and a sponge inside the closed end, which helps to hold the condom inside the vagina. Condoms are easily obtained, cheap, very effective, it protects against sexually transmitted disease, and it possibly reduces risk of cervical cancer. But it interrupts the foreplay, it reduces sensitivity for both or either partner, it requires great care, and it sometimes causes allergy. Intra uterine Devices (IUD) – Copper IUD is a birth control device made of soft plastic and has the shape of the English letter T and is placed in the uterus. It is a long-term method that prevents pregnancy for 3-5 years. Copper is wound on the lower part and on the tip of the T are the two threads. With the help of the threads, women can check if it is inserted properly. Copper T does not create any problems during copulation and it can be used immediately after childbirth. But unlike condoms, it does not protect the user from AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. Diaphragm Diaphragm is a thin rubber dome with an elastic and flexible rim. It is inserted into the vagina and fits over the cervix that is hold in place by vaginal muscles. The diaphragm holds spermicide in place over the cervix; spermicide kills sperm and prevents fertilization. Diaphragms are 86-94% effective as birth control. It is cheap, the female partner is the one that takes the responsibility, there is no interruption during intercourse, there is no loss of sensation for either partner, it reduces of bacteria related STDs, couples may feel less inhibited when the woman is menstruating, and pre – malignancy and cervical malignancy are reduced. But it is uncomfortable to insert and remove from vagina, it requires a doctor to fit and check it, it requires preparation, some male partners are aware of the cap and may not like it, there is no protection against viral conditions such as herpes simplex or HIV, it sometimes cause allergy, and it cannot be fitted before first intercourse, if there is a vaginal septum or utero-vaginal prolapsed. Cervical Cap Cervical cap is a device inserted into the vagina that fits over the cervix to blocked the sperm from entering the uterus and prevents fertilization. After intercourse, it should be left in place for 8 hours. Cervical covers are 84-91% effective at preventing pregnancy for women who have never given birth and 68-74% effective for women who have given birth. Cervical cap can be inserted many hours before sexual intercourse, it is easy to carry around, it is comfortable to use, it does not alter menstrual cycle and affect future fertility, and it may help the user to better know her body. But cervical cap does not protect against HIV or AIDS, it requires a fitting in a clinic, it is difficult to insert or remove, it can be dislodged during sexual intercourse, and there can be possible allergic reactions. Birth Control Sponge The birth control sponge is made of plastic foam that contains spermicide. It is soft, round, and about two (2) inches in diameter. It has a nylon loop attached to the bottom for removal and it is inserted deep into the vagina before sexual intercourse. The sponge avoids pregnancy by keeping sperm from joining with an egg. The sponge may cover the cervix and blocks the sperm from entering the uterus or it can continuously release a spermicide that keeps the sperm from moving. The birth control sponge can be carried in pocket or purse, it can’t be felt by either partner, it has no effect on a woman’s natural hormones, it does not interrupt sex play, and it can be used during breastfeeding. But it may be difficult for some women to insert or remove the sponge, it may cause vaginal irritation, and it may make sex too messy or too dry because sponge requires too much liquid. Contraceptive Pills Most hormonal birth control methods contain the hormones estrogen and progestin, although some contain progestin only. Hormonal contraceptive pills work by preventing females from ovulating or releasing eggs from their ovaries each month, and by thinning the lining of the uterus to keep a pregnancy from implanting. Without an egg to be fertilized by sperm, pregnancy cannot occur. Contraceptive pill is a very effective birth control but there are also side effects like significant mood swings and decreased libido. Intra uterine Devices (IUD) – Hormonal Hormonal uterine devices sometimes called Intra Uterine Systems were first introduced in 1990. It releases levonorgestrel, a progestogen, and may be used for five years. Hormonal Intra Uterine Devices do not increase bleeding as inert and copper-containing IUDs do. Rather, they reduce menstrual bleeding or prevent menstruation altogether, and can be used as a treatment for menorrhagia (heavy periods). The use of Intra Uterine Systems results in much lower systemic progestogen levels than other very-low-dose progestogen-only hormonal contraceptives; they might possibly have some of the same side effects like loss of libido, possible cervical cancer, vaginal infection, anxiety and nervousness, and pain in lower abdominals. Emergency Contraception The emergency contraception is also known as the morning-after pill. It is a safe and effective way to prevent pregnancy after unprotected intercourse. It can be started up to five days or 120 hours after unprotected intercourse. The hormone in the morning-after pill prevents pregnancy by thickening a woman’s cervical mucus and by thinning the lining of the uterus. The mucus blocks sperm and keeps it from joining with an egg which could prevent pregnancy by keeping a fertilized egg from attaching to the uterus. Injections Injections are 99% effective that is scheduled every 3 months. Depo-Provera ®, one of the two types that are now available, contains progesterone that is similar to what the body produces. It prevents release of the egg from the ovary and causes changes in cervical mucus and the lining of the uterus. The second one is the Lunelle ® which contains two hormones like the pill, so it has the same side effects as the pill. Spermicides Spermicides can come in different form like cream, gel, foam, film, and suppositories. Most spermicides contain nonoxynol-9 which is a chemical that kills sperm. Spermicides immobilize and kill the sperm before they are able to swim into the uterus. To be effective, the spermicide must be placed deep in the vagina, close to the cervix. Creams, gels, and foams are squirted into the vagina using an applicator. But spermicides are more effective when used with another method of birth control, such as a condom or diaphragm. Spermicides are only effective for an hour, not all women can use it and some have an allergic reaction to the substances. Sterilization Sterilization is a form of birth control and all the procedures are meant to be permanent. For females (Tubal Ligation), a minor operation that blocks a woman’s fallopian tubes, the tubes that carry the egg to the uterus; female sterilization works by blocking the egg from reaching sperm. For males (Vasectomy), requires minor surgery on the scrotum to cut the vasa deferentia, the tubes that carry sperm. This operation keeps sperm from mixing into the semen when men ejaculate. Without sperm, fertilization of an egg cannot occur and pregnancy is prevented. Sterilization provides permanent birth control, allows sexual spontaneity, requires no daily attention, does not affect pleasure, and it is also not messy. But it does not protect against sexually transmitted infections, including HIV/AIDS, it is not immediately effective, it requires minor surgery in a clinic and a possible regret if the couple wish to have one or more child. References: http://www.avert.org/female-condom.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrauterine_device http://www.tarahaat.com/health_ABC.aspx http://www.livestrong.com/article/201512-types-of-artificial-methods-for-family-planning/ http://www.modernmom.com/article/what-is-the-meaning-of-artificial-birth-control http://www.ehow.com/facts_5004780_what-meaning-artificial-birth-control.html http://www.fwhc.org/birth-control/diaphram.htm

Themis, Dike, Justitia and Lady Justice

Themis, Dike, Justitia and Lady Justice The modern image of justice is based on Greco-Roman mythology, but its not a clear one-to-one correspondence. U.S. courts argue against the placement of any version of the 10 Commandments in courtrooms because it might be a violation of the establishment of a (single) state religion, but the establishment clause is not the only problem with putting up the 10 commandments in federal buildings. There are Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish versions of the 10 Commandments, each substantially different. [See 10 Commandments.] Variability is the same problem that is faced when answering the simple question of which ancient goddess the modern version of Lady Justice represents. Theres also a question of whether or not putting up pagan-based images is a violation of the establishment clause, but thats not an issue for me to unravel. In a forum thread about Themis and Justitia, goddesses of Justice, MISSMACKENZIE asks: I mean which did they intend to portray, a Greek or Roman goddess? And BIBACULUS answers: The modern image of Justice is a conflation of various images and iconography over a period of time: the sword and the blindfold being two of the images that would have been alien to antiquity.Here is some information on the Greek and Roman goddesses and personifications of Justice.ThemisThemis was one of the Titans, the children of Uranos (Sky) and Gaia (Earth). In Homer, Themis appears three times where her role, according to Timothy Gantz in Early Greek Myth, is that of imposing some kind of order or control over gatherings.... Sometimes Themis is called the mother of the Moirai and the Horai (Dike [Justice], Eirene [Peace], and Eunomia [Lawful Government]). Themis was either first or second to deliver oracles at Delphi an office she gave over to Apollo. In this role, Themis prophesied that the son of the nymph Thetis would be greater than its father. Until the prophecy, Zeus and Poseidon had been trying to win Thetis, but afterwards, they left her to Peleus, who became the morta l father of the great Greek hero Achilles.Dike and AstraiaDike was the Greek goddess of justice. She was one of the Horai and the daughter of Themis and Zeus. Dike had a valued place in Greek literature. Passages from (www.theoi.com/Kronos/Dike.html) The Theoi Project describe her physically, holding a staff and balance:If some god had been holding level the balance of Dike (Justice).- Greek Lyric IV Bacchylides Frag 5and[Depicted on the chest of Cypselus at Olympia] A beautiful woman is punishing an ugly one, choking her with one hand and with the other striking her with a staff. It is Dike (Justice) who thus treats Adikia (Injustice).- Pausanias 5.18.2Dike is described as almost indistinguishable from Astraea (Astraia) who is depicted with a torch, wings, and Zeus thunderbolts.JustitiaIustitia or Justitia was the Roman personification of justice. She was a virgin living among humans until the wrong-doings of mortals forced her to take flight and become the constellation Virgo, acc ording to the Adkinses in Dictionary of Roman Religion.On a coin depicting Justitia from A.D. 22-23 (www.cstone.net/~jburns/gasvips.htm), she is a regal woman wearing a diadem. In another (/www.beastcoins.com/Deities/AncientDeities.htm), Justitia carries olive twig, patera, and scepter.Lady JusticeThe U.S. Supreme Court website explains some of the images of Lady Justice that adorn Washington D.C.:Lady Justice is a blend of Themis and Iustitia. The blindfold with which Justice is now associated probably started in the 16th century. In some of the Washington D.C. statues, Justice holds scales, blindfolds, and swords. In one representation she is fighting evil with her gaze, although her sword is still sheathed.Besides all the statues of Lady Justice, Themis, and Justitia in courthouses across the U.S. (and world), the much revered Statue of Liberty bears a close resemblance to the ancient goddesses of justice. Even in antiquity the personification of Justice goddesses changed to fit the times or the needs and beliefs of the writers. Is it possible to do the same with the Ten Commandments? Wouldnt it be possible to distill the essence of each commandment and arrive at an order by consensus of some ecumenical council? Or let the different versions exist side by side just as the statues of Justice do in Washington D.C.?Images of Justice

Albert Einstein Essays - Physics, Science And Technology

Albert Einstein Of all the scientists to emerge from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries there is one whose name is known by almost all living people. While most of these do not understand this man's work, everyone knows that its impact on the world of science is astonishing. Yes,many have heard of Albert Einstein's General Theory of relativity, but few know about the intriguing life that led this scientist to discover what some have called, "The greatest single achievement of human thought." Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany on March 14, 1874. Before his first birthday, his family had moved to Munich where young Albert's father, Hermann Einstein, and uncle set up a small electro-chemical business. He was fortunate to have an excellent family with which he held a strong relationship. Albert's mother, Pauline Einstein, had an intense passion for music and literature, and it was she that first introduced her son to the violin in which he found much joy and relaxation. Also, he was very close with his younger sister, Maja, and they could often be found in the lakes that were scattered about the countryside near Munich. As a child, Einstein's sense of curiosity had already begun to stir. A favorite toy of his was his father's compass, and he often marveled at his uncle's explanations of algebra. Although young Albert was intrigued by certain mysteries of science, he was considered a slow learner. His failure to become fluent in German until the age of nine even led some teachers to believe he was disabled. Einstein's post-basic education began at the Luitpold Gymnasium when he was ten. It was here that he first encountered the German spirit through the school's strict disciplinary policy. His disapproval of this method of teaching led to his reputation as a rebel. It was probably these differences that caused Einstein to search for knowledge at home. He began not with science, but with religion. He avidly studied the Bible seeking truth, but this religious fervor soon died down when he discovered the intrigue of science and math. To him, these seemed much more realistic than ancient stories. With this new knowledge he disliked class even more, and was eventually expelled from Luitpold Gymnasium being considered a disruptive influence. Feeling that he could no longer deal with the German mentality, Einstein moved to Switzerland where he continued his education. At sixteen he attempted to enroll at the Federal Institute of Technology but failed the entrance exam. This forced him to study locally for one year until he finally passed the school's evaluation. The Institute allowed Einstein to meet many other students that shared his curiosity, and It was here that his studies turned mainly to Physics. He quickly learned that while physicists had generally agreed on major principals in the past, there were modern scientists who were attempting to disprove outdated theories. Since most of Einstein's teachers ignored these new ideas, he was again forced to explore on his own. In 1900 he graduated from the Institute and then achieved citizenship to Switzerland. Einstein became a clerk at the Swiss Patent Office in 1902. This job had little to do with physics, but he was able to satiate his curiosity by figuring out how new inventions worked. The most important part of Einstein's occupation was that it allowed him enough time to pursue his own line of research. As his ideas began to develop, he published them in specialist journals. Though he was still unknown to the scientific world, he began to attract a large circle of friends and admirers. A group of students that he tutored quickly transformed into a social club that shared a love of nature, music, and of course, science. In 1903 he married Mileva Meric, a mathematician friend. In 1905, Einstein published five separate papers in a journal, the Annals of Physics. The first was immediately acknowledged, and the University of Zurich awarded Einstein an additional degree. The other papers helped to develop modern physics and earned him the reputation of an artist. Many scientists have said that Einstein's work contained an imaginative spirit that was seen in most poetry. His work at this time dealt with molecules, and how their motion affected temperature, but he is most well known for his Special Theory of Relativity which tackled motion and the speed of light. Perhaps the most important part of his discoveries was the equation: E= mc2. After publishing these theories Einstein was promoted at his office. He remained at the Patents Office for another two years, but his name was becoming too big among the scientific community. In 1908, Einstein began teaching party time at

POETRY COMMENTARY BEHAVIOUR OF FISH IN AN EGYPTIAN TEA GARDEN Essay

POETRY COMMENTARY BEHAVIOUR OF FISH IN AN EGYPTIAN TEA GARDEN - Essay Example She judges the personality of men around her and chooses a rich man for accompanying her as she sits alone waiting for â€Å"a collector, a rich man†. All other men get busy in their jobs after getting disappointed in her case. Different kinds of men are portrayed as different kind of fish. The old man is portrayed as â€Å"a cotton magnate† â€Å"with great eyepouches and a golden mouth† speaking of his richness, age and experience. The young man is portrayed as a â€Å"lean dark mackerel†. The poem comprises seven stanzas of dissimilar rhythmic pattern. However, the poem follows some pattern as it contains rhyming pattern such as first stanza has rhyming words like â€Å"fish, wish†, â€Å"afternoon, spoon† and so on. We can also find rhyming words in other stanzas such as â€Å"submarine, lean†, â€Å"chair, stare† and â€Å"see, be†. The lines of the poem are not complete in themselves as they are connected to one another and get completed in several lines such. For example, a full stop can be seen after four or five lines. The poem as a whole follows an organized structure as we can find four lines in each

Relationships in the health care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Relationships in the health care - Essay Example If leadership and management are defined by the ability or the position to implement change, then in this case, leadership and management become a role appropriated to the health care providers-more specifically in this paper, to the nurses. The roles that nurse's play in patient care is as critical as that of any other health care professional because they are considered the "frontliners" of health care (Consumer Health Care Products Association 2002). They are usually the ones who are directly involved and are aware of every minute circumstance that happens to the patient. Nurses provide the patients and families a favorable environment for healing which must be both humane and caring. They serve as the clinicians, educators and researchers. Nurses are the initial assessors of the patients' health status. Part of their roles is to identify and intervene with clinical problems, appraise the risks, manage those problems and be able to lead effective change. They interpret diagnostic tests, plan and sometimes prescribe both pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatment of health conditions and also monitor the patients' treatment and health status (Ed4nurses 2006; Quan 2006). Being a nurse requires much decision-making in relation to the very complex and inconsistent patient care problems in the health care setti... Only by using these skills well will nurses become excellent in their profession. Leadership and management entail skills like delegation, appraisal, staff development, disciplinary handling, employee relations, negotiations, and chairing and conduct in meetings. It is a requisite for managers to be able to identify general as well as specific objectives, and diagnose and gain full understanding of problems to be able to take effective actions. Leadership and management involve actions that have people guide, direct and influence others to a certain objective (Van Wagner 2006). In the context of health care, leadership and management skills are requisites in health care professionals particularly those in the nursing profession who must directly interact with the patients, their colleagues and even themselves. The nurses have to guide, direct and influence their patients to recover from their conditions. They have to guide, direct and influence their colleagues to set high work standards especially in terms of caring efficiency and work quality. In the same way, those in the nursing profession also have to guide, direct and influence even themselves to maintain their high work standards. As with any other career, skills in leadership and management are necessary if one needs to advance in the nursing profession. It is not a question of choice on whether or not a nurse wants to become a leader and manager because these are given roles that are already attached to the nurses' long list of responsibilities. The only choice for registered nurses is whether or not they want to lead and manage well (Ed4nurses 2006). Nurses who have developed skills in leadership and management are said to have improved patient

Analyzing the audeince Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Analyzing the audeince - Essay Example The process also adds undesired industrial activities into communities like clearing land and generating toxic waste that contribute to water and air pollution (Adam, 2005). These pollutions are devaluing land, hence turning community land into sacrificial zones. The state authorities are also involved because they want to maintain the regulatory mandate at state level, rather than surrender it to Federal regulations (Pyle, 2012). The investors and manufacturers are in it for the purpose of fighting against further regulations. Hydraulic fracturing avails to them affordable, domestic and reliable natural gas supplies. If a ban is not imposed, this supply has the potential to save them USD 11 billion annually for the next decade (Pyle, 2012). On top of the natural gas yielded by the process, the manufacturers also get extra products like ethane and butane. The citizens and environmental authorities will expect a research to confirm that hydraulic fracturing threatens the water they drink and air they breathe so that a complete ban may be imposed (Adam, 2005). State authorities will expect a research to confirm they are capable and better placed to regulate the natural gas industry instead of a Federal takeover. Finally the investors and manufacturers will expect the research to come up with no incriminating evidence against their activities, thus nullifying a

Design Factors in a Modern Living or Working Space

Design Factors in a Modern Living or Working Space Executive summary The aim of this report is to outline the factors which should be taken into account in the design of a modern living or working space. The report discusses three factors related to design of an ideal office, Specifically Environmental, Affective and Practical factors. The report gives a number of recommendations, the main ones being: Allow natural airflow by using a cross ventilation system to create a fresh atmosphere. Decorate the office with Blue and Green colour to create a pleasant and productive atmosphere. Use fluorescent lights to create natural, warm or daylight colours of light to reduce eye tiredness and headache problems. Introduction The purpose of this report is to outline the factors which should be taken into account in the design of a modern living or working space, and to give recommendations regarding the ideal design of an office. It is written for Mr James Scott as part of the Academic English course requirements. The information was acquired through internet research and group discussion. Firstly, the report outlines the general factors related to design of a modern living or working space. Next, these factors are applied to the ideal design of an office. Subsequent to this, a conclusion is given followed by clear recommendations. 2.0 Design factors There are three factors to take into account when designing a modern living or work space, Specifically Environmental, Affective and Practical considerations. 2.0.1 Environmental factors Environmental factors relate to use of natural resource and the reduction of cost through the use of renewable energy sources. The ways to do this involve, Firstly, by using a cross ventilation design to keep living area cool, fresh and healthy. Secondly, by installing windows and doors on the east and west side, maximum natural light can be utilised. Third, by installing solar panel and photo-voltaic system, electricity can be generated for different purposes and its carbon free energy (Seminara, 2014). Hence, the use of natural resource in modern living or working space reduces pollution and energy consumption. 2.0.2 Affective factors Affective factors are to do with interior design and decoration of living or working space that affect people’s mood and attitudes. According to Sanders (2014), arrangement of accessories and furniture affect the human moods. For instance, by keeping a small table with cheerful and colourful flowers and decorative container next to drink coaster can uplift mood and create pleasant and friendly environment. Moreover, decorating space with bright colours and LED rope light gives energy and relaxation (Taylor, 2013). To conclude, interior design and decoration of living and working can create a more comfortable space. 2.0.3 Practical factors Practical factors in design are concerned with the health of humans. It includes aspects such as organic materials and comfortable chairs and desks. In order to reduce toxic gases in living or working space, organic materials should be used such as wood, wool, slate, cotton and gorgeous textiles (Gibson, 2013). Moreover, ergonomic chairs and desks should be used which gives relaxation and comfortable feeling. According to Aulenback (2013), proper adjustment of chair, desk dimensions and height of monitor can reduce back injuries and health risk of employees. In short, use ergonomic equipment and organic materials in modern design of living or working space is an important. 2.1 Designing an ideal office Having outlined the above factors relating to general design, it is now necessary to apply them to the design of an office. 2.1.1 Environmental factors in an office design Environmental factors in an office include energy reduction and natural ventilation. Regarding energy reduction, energy consumption can be reduced by using sunlight in the office environment, this affecting positive productivity and the moral of employees (Rayfield, 1997). As far as natural ventilation is concerned, a cross ventilation system would allow natural airflow throughout the office and corridors creating a fresh atmosphere in the office (Goodell, 2010). In short, low energy usage and natural ventilation would result in an eco-friendly office leading to increase productivity. 2.1.2 Affective factors in an office design Affective factors in an office design would involve the use of appropriate colours and an interior furniture design that positively affects the mood, stress levels and behaviour of workers. Regarding colours, the office could include blue and green, the Blue and Green colour stimulate the minds of employees (Akkan Design, 2014). Concerning interior furniture design, work can be performed in an efficient and creative manner when round shaped furniture is used. This is confirmed by a 2013 study showing that when employees were seated at a curved shape desk they were more likely to engage in meeting. (Australian government Comcare, 2002). In conclusion, appropriate colours and interior furniture design of an office creates a pleasant and productive atmosphere. 2.1.3 Practical factors in an office design Practical factors in an office design would include lighting and equipment, such as chairs and desks which affect the health of workers. Concerning lighting, use of fluorescent tubes in the office would provide different qualities of light, such as natural, warm or daylight colour. By using these, eyes tiredness and headache problems can be reduced (Hawary, 2011). Regarding desk design, a desk should have a smooth and flat surface, rounded corners and good access for the user’s legs. In addition, chairs should have different functions such as adjustment of height, rolling wheels and back tilt to reduce back pain problem (National Occupational Commission, 2011). Hence, proper lighting and comfortable chairs and desks are required to reduce health problems. Conclusion This report has outlined the factors relating to the design of a working or living space, Specifically Environmental, Affective and Practical aspects. It has also discussed the application of these factors in the ideal design of an office. 4.0 Recommendation Having discussed the factors involved in designing a living or working space, Specifically Environmental, Affective and Practical factors. The following recommendations are given for the design of an ideal office. Environmental factors Install windows on the west and east side to allow sunlight into the office. Allow natural airflow by using a cross ventilation system to create a fresh atmosphere. Affective factors Decorate the office with Blue and Green colour to create a pleasant and productive atmosphere. Create a pleasant and friendly environment by keeping decorative container on desk. Practical factors Use fluorescent lights to create natural, warm or daylight colours of light to reduce eye tiredness and headache problems. Fit comfortable desks which have smooth and flat surfaces and good access for user’s legs. Provide chairs with different functions, such as back tilt, rolling wheels and adjustment of height to reduce back pain problem. Reference List Akkan Design. (2014). How Colour Affects Mood in Office and Interior Design. Retrieved from http://www.akkan.com.au/index.php/Blogs/How-Colour-Affects-Mood-in-Office-and-Interior-Design Aulenback, S. (2013). 6 Ways to fight fatigue while using your standing desk. Retrieved from http://deskhacks.com/reduce-standing-desk-fatigue/ Australian Government Comcare. (2002). Officewise. ISBN 1 921160 17 9 Retrieved from http://www.comcare.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/39570/Officewise_OHS1_Apr_10.pdf Gibson, R. (2013). 10 Contemporary Elements that Every Home needs. Retrieved from http://freshome.com/2013/09/30/10-contemporary-elements-that-every-home-interior-needs/ Goodell, l. (2010). How to Create a Productive Office Environment. Retrieved from http://www.inc.com/guides/2010/05/create-productive-office-environment.html Hawary, S. (2011). Lighting principles in interior design of management spaces. Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu/1746322/lighting_principles_in_interior_design_of_managment_spaces National Occupational Health and Safety Commission. (2011). Ergonomic Principles and Checklists for the Selection of Office Furniture and Equipment. ISBN 0 644 24516 6 Rayfield, J. K. (1997). The office Interior Design Guide. Retrieved from http://www.books.google.com.au Sanders, A. (2014). How Does Room Decoration Affect Mood? Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/how-does_4744309_room-decoration-affect-mood.html Seminara, D. (2014). Eco Housing Design. Retrieved from http://www.dsarchitecture.com.au/eco-housing-principles.html Taylor, J. (n.d). 8 Ways to Get Ambient Lighting. Retrieved from http://www.houzz.com/ideabooks/6794787/list/8-ways-to-get-ambient-lighting-just-right

The Effects of Printed Media on Gender Roles Essay -- Media Stereotypi

I will be looking at women’s 'to-be-looked-at-ness', and examining the representations of women as objects of the male gaze and male desires. In simple terms, a stereotype is the application of one (usually negative) characteristic to a whole group. The stereotype is an easy concept to understand, but there are some points you need to consider when looking at media representations with regard to stereotyping. For a stereotype to ‘work’ it needs to be recognisable to the audience and when so recognised, then judgements are made about the subject. If the stereotype is negative, then the judgements will also tend to be the same. The predictable thing about stereotypes is that they are predictable! They create a sense of order and also provide a sense of identity (even if it is a negative one!) Stereotypical judgements and stereotypical media representations can (and often do) lead to different treatments of groups by other groups, (sadly, often quite discriminatory). If we define ‘male’ and ‘female’ all we are doing is a biological classification, but if we think about the terms ‘masculine’ and ‘feminine’ we have to think about certain roles and lifestyles. Put simply, the words have very specific ideological assumptions of what is ‘natural behaviour’ for each sex. The portrayal of men and women in traditional roles is very prominent and also very contested in advertising. Characters, both male and female are constantly placed in roles, socially constructed to 'match' their gender. In other words, society has constructed (made) a set of ‘truths’ about what is the ‘right’ way for a man or a woman to behave. The media, of cou... ... adverts to highlight these changes. These reversals are, however, often portrayed in a sarcastic or less serious than in other adverts. Without these gender roles maybe society would have had an adverse effect on the media and what we portray as acceptable would in fact be outrageous. Why is the media so important? —One may ask. More often than not, it’s the way we get most of our information. Information we tend to think of as the â€Å"truth. Overall when looking at different types of media I got the general impression that women are portrayed in a worthless provocative manor. This was repeated in the same way across the whole range and always looked as if they were being exploited. Society have dictated to the media what they want to buy and see, all that’s left for the media to do is provide this product.